Gulu nkhungu

Kufotokozera Kwachidule:

Nkhungu (nkhungu, kufa) ndi banja lalikulu kwambiri, limagwira gawo lofunikira pamakampani amakono. Gulu lowoneka bwino nkofunikira kwambiri pakumvetsetsa kupanga kwa mafakitale.

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Mankhwala Mwatsatanetsatane

Nkhungu (nkhungu, kufa) ndi chida chapadera chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochita za anthu. Gulu nkhunguzikuphatikizapo osiyanasiyana. M'magulu amakono, akale amagwirizana kwambiri ndikupanga mafakitale, zomwe zimawongolera bwino magwiridwe antchito komanso kulondola kwa magawo.

Nkhungu ndi chida chapadera chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazochita za anthu. Gulu Nkhungu zikuphatikizapo osiyanasiyana. Masiku ano, nkhungu imagwirizana kwambiri ndi mafakitale, zomwe zimawongolera bwino magwiridwe antchito komanso kuwonekera bwino kwa magawo.

Nkhungu ndizida zamakono zomwe zimapanga (mawonekedwe) zida zopangira ndi magawo ena amitundu ndi makulidwe. Kuphatikiza: kufa mitundu, nkhungu za jekeseni wa pulasitiki, kufa nkhungu kuponyera nkhungu, kulipira nkhungu, ufa wazitsulo kufa nkhungu, kujambula kufa, extrusion kufa, kufa, magalasi amafa, nkhungu ya raba, nkhungu ya ceramic, kuponyera nkhungu ndi mitundu ina. Makampani amakono, nkhungu makamaka imagwiritsa ntchito nkhungu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga pulasitiki ndi zida zamagetsi. Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chinthu cholimba kuchokera kupulasitiki wamadzi, chitsulo ndi zinthu zina zobayidwa m'kati mwake, timazitcha "nkhungu" kapena "nkhungu". Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhomerera, kupinda, kupindika ndi kutulutsa zopanda kanthu, timazitcha "kufa".

Nkhungu imagawidwa motere ndi izi:

Kugawa ndi zida ndi ukadaulo wokukonzekera, amatha kuumba akhoza kugawidwa mu hardware kufa nkhungu, nkhungu pulasitiki ndi nkhungu wapadera.

(1) Non-zachitsulo ndi ufa amatha kuumba zitsulo: amatha kuumba pulasitiki, amatha kuumba sintering, amatha kuumba mchenga, amatha kuumba zingalowe m'malo ndi parafini amatha kuumba.

Ndikukula kwapulasitiki kwapulasitiki, nkhungu za pulasitiki ndizofanana kwambiri ndi miyoyo ya anthu. Amatha kuumba pulasitiki akhoza zambiri kugawidwa mu: amatha kuumba jekeseni, amatha kuumba extrusion, amatha kuumba mpweya-anathandiza, etc.

(2) Zida zomangamanga zimagawika: kufa kufa kuponyera, kufa kufa (monga kukhomerera kumafa, kupindika kumwalira, kujambula kumwalira, kutembenuka kumwalira, kufinya kumafera, kumenya kumwalira, kufa kumawombera, kumangirira, ndi zina zambiri), kulipira kumwalira (kotere monga kufa kulipira kumwalira, kukhumudwitsa kumwalira, ndi zina zambiri), extrusion kumwalira, kufa kuponyera kumwalira, kulipira kumwalira, ndi zina zambiri.

Zitsulo mitundu kufa

1.Classification amatha kuumba pulasitiki

(1) jekeseni Nkhungu

Jekeseni nkhungu ndi mtundu wa nkhungu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ziwalo zamapulasitiki a thermoplastic ndi thermosetting. Jekeseni akamaumba chimagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa mwandondomeko zake mkulu ndi dzuwa. Jekeseni akamaumba ndi kuwonjezera pulasitiki mu mbiya Kutentha kwa makina jekeseni. Pulasitiki imatenthedwa ndikusungunuka. Yoyendetsedwa ndi wononga kapena chopopera cha makina opangira jekeseni, mapulasitiki amajambulidwa mu nkhungu kudzera mumphika ndi makina othira nkhungu, ndikuwumitsa ndikuwumbika muzipangidwe za jekeseni chifukwa cha zochitika zathupi ndi zamankhwala. Jekeseni akamaumba ndi mkombero wopangidwa ndi jekeseni, atagwira kuthamanga (kuzirala) ndi demoulding ndondomeko ya pulasitiki parts.Therefore, akamaumba jekeseni ali ndi makhalidwe nthawi.

Thermoplastic jekeseni akamaumba ali ndi ubwino wa mkombero lalifupi akamaumba, dzuwa mkulu kupanga, avale ang'onoang'ono a zopangidwa ndi zinthu zachitsulo pa nkhungu, ndi gulu lalikulu la mbali pulasitiki ndi mawonekedwe zovuta, chitsanzo bwino padziko ndi chizindikiro, ndi mkulu ooneka enieni olondola. Komabe, magawo apulasitiki okhala ndi makulidwe akulu amakoma, ndizovuta kupewa zopindika. Anisotropy yamapulasitiki ndiimodzi mwamavuto abwino. Njira zonse zotheka kuzichepetsera.

Jekeseni nkhungu

(2) Extrusion nkhungu pulasitiki

Pulasitiki extrusion akamaumba ndi mtundu wa kupanga njira yopangira pulasitiki mu viscous otaya boma kudutsa kufa ndi mawonekedwe enieni mtanda gawo pa kutentha ndi kuthamanga ena, ndiyeno kuupanga mu mbiri mosalekeza ndi mawonekedwe zofunika mtanda gawo m'munsi kutentha. Ntchito yopanga extrusion ndimakonzedwe azinthu zoumba, extrusion akamaumba, kuzirala kozizira, samatha ndi kudula, pambuyo pokonzanso zinthu zomwe zatulutsidwa (zowongolera kapena kutentha). Pochita extrusion, chidwi chiyenera kulipidwa pakusintha kutentha, kuthamanga kwa liwiro ndi kuthamanga kwa gawo lililonse lazotentha la mbiya ndikufa kwa extruder kuti mupeze mbiri yabwino ya extrusion.

Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kulipidwa pakusintha kuchuluka kwa ma polima kusungunuka kuimfa. Chifukwa pamene kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosungunuka kumakhala kotsika, extrudate imakhala yosalala ndi yunifolomu yopingasa, koma kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosungunuka zikafika pamalire ena, nthaka ya extrudate imakhala yolimba ndikutaya luster, ndi khungu la shark, khungu la lalanje, kupotoza mawonekedwe ndi zochitika zina zidzawoneka. Kuchuluka kwa extrusion kukachulukirachulukira, mawonekedwe a extrudate amapotozedwa, ndipo ngakhale nthambi zimasweka kukhala zidutswa zosungunuka kapena zonenepa. Chifukwa chake, kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa extrusion ndikofunikira kwambiri.

Pulasitiki mzere extrusion kupanga

Extrusion kufa

(3) Dzenje kupanga nkhungu

Dzenje kupanga nkhungu zikuphatikizapo extrusion nkhonya akamaumba dzenje kupanga ndi jekeseni nkhonya akamaumba dzenje kupanga mitundu iwiri ya amatha kuumba.

Dzenje akamaumba ndi mtundu wa njira processing kuti kukonza tubular kapena pepala akusowekapo amene amapangidwa ndi extrusion kapena jekeseni ndipo akadali mu state plasticizing mu nkhungu akamaumba, yomweyo jekeseni mpweya wothinikizidwa, kukakamiza akusowekapo kukuza ndi kumamatira pa khoma la nkhungu patsekeke, ndikuwonongeka mukaziziritsa ndikumaliza, kuti mupeze zinthu zomwe zimafunikira.

Mapulasitiki oyenera kupangira dzenje ndi kuthamanga kwa polyethylene, kutsika kwa polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, zofewa polyvinyl mankhwala enaake, polystyrene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, ndi zina zambiri. jekeseni nkhonya akamaumba. The ntchito extrusion nkhonya akamaumba dzenje kupanga ndi kuti kapangidwe ka amatha kuumba extruder ndi extrusion nkhonya n'zosavuta. Chosavuta ndichakuti makoma amtundu wa parison samagwirizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makulidwe am'mapulasitiki asagwirizane. Chithunzi choyenera ndi chithunzithunzi cha extrusion chowombera chomwe chimapanga dzenje lopangira dzenje.

Jekeseni nkhonya akamaumba ali ndi mwayi yunifolomu khoma makulidwe ndipo palibe m'mphepete zouluka. Chifukwa cha pansi pa jekeseni wa jekeseni, pansi pazomwe zimapangidwazo sizingapangitse msoko wazitsulo, womwe si wokongola komanso wamphamvu kwambiri. Chosavuta ndichakuti zida ndi nkhungu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndiokwera mtengo, chifukwa chake njira yopangira iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zazing'ono zopanda pake, ndipo sizigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira nkhonya zopanda pake.

Jekeseni nkhonya akamaumba pulasitiki

Kukumba nkhungu

(4) Kufa akuponya amatha kuumba pulasitiki

Amatha kuumba akuponya amatchedwanso amatha kuumba kutengerapo. Zinthu zapulasitiki zimawonjezeredwa mchipinda chodyeramo kale, kenako kukakamiza kumayikidwa pagulu lapanikizika. Pulasitiki amasungunuka pansi kutentha kwambiri ndi kuthamanga, ndipo amalowa mu patsekeke kudzera dongosolo kuponyera nkhungu, pang'onopang'ono kuumitsa ndi kupanga. Njira imeneyi amatchedwa kufa kuponyera kupanga, ndi nkhungu ntchito amatchedwa kufa-akuponya akamaumba. Mtundu uwu nkhungu makamaka ntchito thermosetting pulasitiki kupanga.

(5) Psinjika Nkhungu

Kupanikizika ndi imodzi mwanjira zoyambirira zoumba za pulasitiki. Kupanikiza kupanga ndikuwonjezera mapulasitiki molunjika kutchire lotseguka ndikutentha, kenako ndikutseka. Pakutentha ndi kupanikizika, pulasitikiyo imasungunuka ndikutuluka. Chifukwa cha zochitika zathupi ndi zamankhwala, mapulasitiki amaumitsidwa kukhala magawo apulasitiki okhala ndi mawonekedwe ena ndi kukula kwake kutentha. Kuponderezana kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapulasitiki a thermosetting, monga ufa wa phenolic, urea formaldehyde ndi melamine formaldehyde powder, galasi CHIKWANGWANI cholimbitsa ma phenolic plastiki, epoxy resin, DAP resin, silicone resin, polyimide ndi zina zotero. Itha kuumbanso ndikusintha ma polyester osakanikizika (DMC), mapulasitiki amaumba (SMC), kukhazikitsidwa kale. Monolithic akamaumba mapulasitiki (BMC) etc. Nthawi zambiri, mawonekedwe ofananako akum'munsi ndi otsika amakankhidwa mufilimuyo nthawi zambiri imakanikizidwa, ndipo kuponderezana kumwalira kumagawidwa m'mitundu itatu: mtundu wosasefukira, mtundu wosasefukira komanso mtundu wopumira.

(6) Anzanu akuponya kufa

Amatchedwanso kufa kuponyera. Zinthu zapulasitiki zimawonjezeredwa mchipinda chofufutira, kenako gawo lokanikiza limayikidwa mchipinda chonyamula kuti chikatseke. Kupanikizika kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kupulasitiki kudzera pachikuto. Pulasitiki amasungunuka mu dziko otaya pa kutentha ndi kuthamanga, ndi solidifying mu patsekeke pang'onopang'ono kudzera dongosolo kuthira. Njira yopangira imeneyi imadziwikanso kuti kusintha kosintha. Jekeseni wapanikizidwe ndioyenera kupangira mapulasitiki olimba omwe amasungunuka mosiyanasiyana. Momwemo, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwumba kovutikira kapena kupanikizika kwa jekeseni. Komabe, kutentha kwa solidification kumakhala kotsika kuposa kutentha kwa solidification, dziko losungunuka limakhala ndi madzi abwino, ndipo kutentha kwa solidification kukakhala kwakukulu, kulimba kwake kumakhala kwakukulu.

2. Gulu la hardware limamwalira

Malinga ndi zida ndi malo opangira zinthu, nkhungu zachitsulo zitha kugawidwa mu nkhungu yotentha yogwira ntchito ndi nkhungu yozizira yogwira ntchito. Kusiyana pakati pawo ndi kwakukulu.

1) Hot ntchito kufa: otentha ntchito kufa zitsulo amatanthauza kufa oyenera mapindikidwe otentha zitsulo, monga extrusion otentha kufa, kufa akuponya kufa, otentha kulipira kufa, otentha kukwiyitsa kufa, etc. Monga otentha ntchito kufa ntchito pansi kutentha ndi kuthamanga kwa nthawi yayitali, zinthu zakufa zimafunikira kukhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu, kuuma ndi kukhazikika kwamatenthedwe, makamaka mphamvu yayikulu yamphamvu, kutopa kwamphamvu, kulimba ndi kuvala kukana. Zimaphatikizapo:

A. Zitsulo kufa kuponyera nkhungu kufa: ndondomeko ndi jekeseni mkulu-kutentha chitsulo chosungunuka madzi mu patsekeke kufa kupeza mbali zofunikira structural. Zitsulo kufa kuponyera ntchito kupanga mbali zovuta mawonekedwe a aloyi zotayidwa, aloyi nthaka, aloyi magnesium ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo zina sanali akakhala.

B. Chitsulo chosungunula chitsulo: njirayi ndikupanga ufa wachitsulo mumtundu wina ndi kukula kwa billet mu nkhungu, ndikuwotcha billetyo kuti isungunuke, kuti ipangidwe. Kusakaniza kwa ufa wamafuta kumagwiritsa ntchito zosapanga dzimbiri, titaniyamu, mkuwa, chitsulo, faifi tambala ndi zina zotentha kwambiri.

C. Metal hot extrusion die: hot hot hot extrusion die imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza aluminiyamu, magnesium, chitsulo ndi zitsulo zina pamalo otentha kwambiri, ndipo mawonekedwe amtundu wa magawo omwe adapangidwa sanasinthe. Hot extrusion die imayenera kukhala ndi kutentha kosagwira kutentha ndi kukana kutentha.

Zitsulo kufa akuponya nkhungu

Hot extrusion kufa ndi mbiri ya aluminiyamu

2) Ntchito yozizira imamwalira (Stamping die): ozizira akugwira ntchito amafa makamaka akugwira ntchito kutentha, komwe kumatchedwa kufa kufa (monga kukhomerera kumafa, kupindika kumwalira, kujambula kumwalira, kutembenuka kumwalira, kufooka kumafera, kugubuduza kufa, kufa kumafera , kupanga kumwalira, ndi zina zambiri). Gawo logwira ntchito yozizira lomwe limagwira nthawi zambiri limafunikira kupanikizika kwambiri, kupindika mphamvu, mphamvu yamphamvu ndi mphamvu yotsutsana, kotero kukaniza kwa mapindikidwe kumakhala kwakukulu.

A. Chitsulo chosungunula chitsulo chikufa: chitsulo chosungunulira chitsulo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudula mawonekedwe azithunzi ziwiri kuchokera pachitsulo chachitsulo. Magawo atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati akusowekapo kupindika, kujambula ndikupanga. Blanking zimagwiritsa ntchito kwa blanking, kukhomerera ndi yokonza zitsulo, zosapanga dzimbiri, aloyi zotayidwa, aloyi mkuwa ndi mbale zina.

B. Kukulira kufa: gawo lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito chida chopinditsira mbale, mipiringidzo ndi magawo mbali ina, kupindika ndi mawonekedwe. Ndi abwino kwa chitsulo, zosapanga dzimbiri, zotayidwa aloyi ndi mbali aloyi mkuwa.

C. Kujambula kufa: kujambula ndi njira yopondaponda, kujambula mphete kapena chitsulo chosinthira zida zachitsulo kukhala cholembera kapena cholumikizira mabokosi. Kujambula die ndi chida chofala chojambula.

D. Ndimapanga kufa: ntchito kufa kupanga ndi mtundu wa njira kupanga kuti mapindikidwe pulasitiki ikuchitika olimba pamene khalidwe lake ndi makhalidwe chuma sichinasinthe. E. Kufa kumwalira: chitsulo chosanja ndi njira yolumikizira zojambula ziwiri kudzera pakati pogwiritsa ntchito makina. Nthawi zambiri, kupikisana kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pama mbale athyathyathya. Imfa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita izi imatchedwa riveting die.